LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



St/^ZI c^t^s^ c*e\s&i 



..c#^f&fS&.. 



QUESTIONS, 
DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

FOB 

Enalgttc JDtuftg an* ^citation. 

ALSO FOR 

UNIITC AND SYNTHETIC EEYIEW OE 
CUTTER'S NEW ANALYTIC ANATOMY, 

PHYSIOLOGY ^JNTID HYGIENE, 

J-IUMAN AND pOMPARATIYE. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 






SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS. 



Sanford's Higher Analytical Arithmetic: or, 

The Method of Making Arithmetical Calculations on Principles 
of Universal Application, without the Aid of Formal Eules. 
By Shelton P. Sanford, A.M. 12mo. 419 pp. $1.50. 



"I have examined Prof. Sanford's Ana- 
lytical Arithmetic, and have no hesitation 
in saying, in general terms, that I have 
no doubt it is the best hook of the kind 
in the world. Many attempts have been 
made to reduce the science of numbers to 
its last analysis, but so far as I know or 
believe this is the only attempt that has 
completely succeeded. I am satisfied that 
it ought to supersede all other books of 
its class."— H. H. Tucker, Prest. of Mer- 
cer University, Ga., and Prest. of the Ga. 
Teachers' Association. 



" Philadelphia, June 27, 1870. 
" Sanford's Analytical Arithmetic pos- 
sesses the three-fold advantage of clear 
and correct definitions, of well-illustrated 
rules, and of a judicious arrangement of 
the whole subject. This work will hold a 
high place in the estimation of educators 
who desire to combine mental training 
and the imparting of an accurate know- 
ledge of the most useful of the exact 
sciences." — James McClune, Prof, of 
Mathematics and Astronomy in Philadel- 
phia Central High School. 



Sanford's Intermediate Analytical Arithmetic. 

By Shelton P. Sanford, A.M. 16mo. 232 pp. 50 cents. 



" The work here presented is prelim- 
inary to the Author's larger 'Analytical 
Arithmetic,' and is intended to make the 
pupil, by easy and uniform steps, expert 
in the use of figures, and at the same 
time to teach him the reason of each 
operation. Apart from the knowledge 



of Arithmetic, the Author believes that 
the habitudes of thought engendered by 
the study of the Analytic System will 
prove of inestimable value to the student 
in every department of practical and pro- 
fessional life." — Extract from the Author's 
Preface. 



Sanford's First Lessons in Analytical Arithme- 
tic. (In press.) 

Wichersham's School Economy. A Treatise on 

the Preparation, Organization, Employments, Government and 
Authorities of Schools. By J. P. Wickersham, A.M., Pennsyl- 
vania State Supt. of Common Schools. Second edition. 12mo. 
Cloth. $1.50. 

Wichersham's Methods of Instruction ; or, That 

Part of the Philosophy of Education which Treats of the Nature 
of the Several Branches of Knowledge and the Method of Teach- 
ing them. By J. P. Wickersham, A.M., Pennsylvania State Su- 
perintendent of Common Schooh. 12mo. Cloth. $1.75. 

J. B. IIPPINCOTT & CO., Publishers, 

715 and 717 Market St., Philadelphia. 



■vj) 



ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 



DIVISION I. 

OUTLINE PRINCIPLES. 
CHAPTER I.— GENERAL REMARKS. 

SECT. PAGES 

1. The Three Kingdoms of Nature Compared 11-13 

2. Definitions 13,14 

CHAPTER II.— GENERAL HISTOLOGY. 

3. Cells 14-17 

4. Tissues 17-25 

5. Membianes.. 25-30 

CHAPTER III.— GENERAL CHEMISTRY. 

6. Solids and Fluids 30-34 



DIVISION II. 

MOTOR Y APPARATUS. 

CHAPTER IV.— THE BONES. 

7. Anatomy of the Bones 36-47 

8. Histology of 47-51 

9. Chemistry of. , 54, 55 

10. Physiology of 55-60 

11. Hygiene of 60-66 

12. Comparative Osteology 67-72 

CHAPTER V.— THE MUSCLES. 

13. Anatomy of the Muscles 73-79 

14. Histology of 79_S1 

15. Chemistry of 81. 82 

16. Physiology of 83-89 

17. Hygiene of 89-98 

18. Comparative Myology 98-102 



DIVISION III. 

NUTRITIVE APPARATUS. 

CHAPTER VI.— TL115 DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 

19. Anatomy of the Digestive Organs 103-109 

20. Histology of 110-116 

21. Chemistry of 116-120 

22. Physiology of 120-122 

23. Hygiene of 122-131 

24. Comparative Splanchnology 131-137 



ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 



82^ CHAPTER VII.— ABSORPTION. PAGES 

25. Anatomy of the Absorbents 138-141 

26. Histology of 141-143 

27. Chemistry of 143, 144 

28. Physiology of. 144-146 

29. Hygiene of. 146,147 

CHAPTER VIII.— THE CIRCULATION. 

30. The Blood 148, 149 

31. Anatomy of the Circulatory Organs 150-156 

32. Histology of 156-160 

33. Chemistry of 160-162 

34. Physiology of 162-168 

35. Hygiene of 168-172 

36. Comparative Angiology 172-175 

CHAPTER IX.— ASSIMILATION. 

37. Assimilation, General and Special 176-181 

CHAPTER X.— THE RESPIRATORY AND VOCAL ORGANS. 

38. Anatomy of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs 182-185 

39. Histology of 186-188 

40. Chemistry of 188-190 

41. Physiology of ; 190-196 

42. Hygiene of 197-205 

43. Comparative Pneumonology 205-209 



DIVISION IV. 

SENSORIAL APPARATUS. 

CHAPTER XL— NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

44. Anatomy of the Nervous System 210-225 

45. Histology of. 225-228 

46. Physiology of 229-240 

47. Hygiene of 240-252 

48. Comparative Neurology 252-259 

CHAPTER XII.— THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. 

49. Anatomy of the Organs of Special Sense 260-281 

50. Physiology of 281-288 

51. Hygiene of 289-298 

APPENDIX. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Care of the Sick 299-303 

poisons and their antidotes 303-306 

Glossary 307-317 

Index 319-322 

For Treatment of Wounds, see f 363. For Recovery of Drowned Persons, see ^ 430 
For Treatment of Burns, see fi 610. For Treatment of Frost-Bite, see tf 612. 



Questions, Diagrams and Illustrations 

FOE ANALYTICAL STUDY AND EECITATION, 

ALSO FOR UNIFtC AND SYNTHETIC REVIEW OF 

CUTTER'S ANALYTIC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE. 



Profitable reading and study require trie same analysis and 
method as clear and efficient teaching. Unification of ideas and 
principles is also aided by varied and frequent reviews. 

To aid pupil and teacher, the following Questions, Diagrams and 
Illustrations have been prepared. The Questions in the larger 
type are to be used in the analytic study and recitation of para- 
graphs ; those in the smaller type, to aid pupil and teacher to 
secure unific investigation and review of parts more or less 
analogous in structure, function or hygiene ; while the diagrams 
and illustrations are to be used in synthetical examination and 
review of the sections, chapters and divisions. 

I would also suggest the use of the blackboard in drawing 
outline figures and diagrams, and in writing the topics to be 
reviewed. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 

CALVIN CUTTER, M.D., 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



DIVISION I.— OUTLINE PRINCIPLES. 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER I. — General Remarks. 

I 1. The Three Kingdoms of Nature Compared. 

1. State the Linnaean distinctions of the three kingdoms of 

Nature. Name the three kingdoms, and define each. 

2. Of what are Organic and Inorganic bodies combinations? 

What is said respecting Life-force? 

3. Give the distinguishing features of Organized and Unorganized 

matter. 

4. State the distinctions between animals and plants. 

5. What is said of these distinctions in the lower forms of life? 

.§2. Definition of Terms. 

6. Define Organ, Apparatus and Function. What is Anatomy? 

Physiology ? Hygiene ? 

7. Of what are organs composed? Define Histology and 

Chemistry. 

CHAPTER II.— General Histology. 

§3. Cells. 

8. Where do you find Unity of Plan ? 

9. Define Protoplasm. What is Animal Protoplasm? 

10. What is said of nucleated cells? Of the vital functions of 

these cells? 

11. Distinguish between animal and vegetable cells. 

12. Of what is the simple cell the type? 

13. Of what does a simple cell consist? Give an illustration. 

14. To what modifications are cells subject? 

15. What is the shape of the cells? 

16. In what ways do cells multiply? 

17. What is said of the growth and decay of cells ? 

\ 

I 4. Primary Tissues. 

18. How are the different tissues of the body formed ? Upon what 

do their characters depend? 

19. To what are the Primary Tissues reducible? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 5 

20. State the object and character of the Connective Tissues. 

21. Of what is the Fibrous form composed? State its nature and 

forms. 

22. Give the composition and forms of the White Fibrous tissue. 

What is Gelatin ? 

23. Describe the Yellow Fibrous tissue. Why called Elastic? Does 

it gelatinize ? Where found ? When found together, what 
proportion of White to Yellow Fibrous tissue ? Observation. 

24. Of what does the Areolar form consist? What is said of its 

cellular structure ? What of its individuality ? Observation. 

25. Describe the Cartilaginous tissue. Mention the properties of 

Cartilage. Where is this tissue found? What is the re- 
lation of cartilage to bone? 
.26. Under what condition is Fibro-cartilage formed ? State quality 
and adaptation. 

27. What peculiarity has the Adipose tissue ? Of what composed ? 

Where found ? Its use ? 

28. Where is the Sclerous tissue found? What is said of its 

composition? 

29. Give the composition of Muscular tissue. Name its kinds, and 

describe each. What is its characteristic? What of its 
electrical nature ? 

30. Describe the Tubular tissue. What is the office of the capil- 

lary vessels? Of what are their walls composed? Where 
is this tissue found ? 

31. How is the Nervous tissue distinguished? Where found? In 

what respect like the Muscular tissue? Mention its ele- 
ments. 

32. Describe the Ganglionic Corpuscles. 

33. What is said of the Gray fibres ? Where found ? 

34. Speak of the White fibres. 

35. Where are the gray and white substances found? 

\ 5. Membranes. 

36. What is the Basement membrane? Why so called? 

37. Name and describe the varieties of the Epithelium. Of what 

power the Cilia? Where is the Ciliated Epithelium found? 

38. What is beneath the basement membrane? What are consti- 

tuted by the epithelium, basement membrane, and fibro- 
areolar tissue? 

39. Where is the Serous membrane found ? Its qualities ? 

1* 



6 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

40. What is said of the Synovial membrane? Observation. 

41. Describe the Mucous membranes. 

42. Where is the Gastro-Pulmonary Mucous membrane found? 

43. Where the Urinary? 

44. What is continuous with the Mucous membrane ? Observation. 

CHAPTER III.— General Chemistry. 
£ 6. Solids and Fluids. 

45. Of what is the human body composed ? What is said of the 

proportion of solids and fluids ? 

46. What are Proximate Constituents? Define Organic and In- 

organic Proximate Constituents. 

47. Name the Inorganic Proximate Constituents. 

48. Give the classes of Organic Proximate Constituents. 

49. What are contained in the Nitrogenous class? Name the most 

important. 

50. What is the office of Albumen in the animal economy? Give 

the derivation of its name. Where found? What pecu- 
liarity has it? 

51. Describe Albuminose. 

52. What is Fibrin ? Where found ? What is the influence of 

alcohol upon it? 

53. Describe Musculin. How hardened? 

54. Where is Globulin and Hsematin found? 

55. Give the properties of Casein. Where does it exist? 

56. Define Cartilagin. What is Osteine? Chondrigen? 

57. Define and give the property of Salivin. 

58. Describe Pepsin, and state its property. 

59. What is Pancreatin ? and state its actions. 

60. Describe Mucin. 

61. What is Neurin? 

62. Define Keratin. 

63. To what is Elastin peculiar? 

64. Where is Melanin found ? 

65. Of what use Biliverdin ? Color ? 

66. Name the acids of the nitrogenous class. 

67. Mention the non-nitrogenous group. 

68. Of what are the fats composed? From what derived ? What 

is Glycerine? 

69. Mention the different kinds of sugars. Where are starch 

granules found? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 7 

70. Name the ultimate chemical elements, with their percentage 

proportions. 

71. In what condition are oxygen and hydrogen? What is said 

of carbon? 

72. What becomes of the chemical elements in decomposition? 

UNIFIC REVIEW. 

[Compare 9 with 119.] 
What is the relation of Protoplasm to ossification ? 

[Compare 11-17 with 119, 120, 152, 173, 174, 237, 306, 335, £39,340, 378, 389, 
458, 464, 465, 547 and 553-556.] 
Where do you find nucleated cells? Have they any influence on the plan 
of structure ? What relation doe-s the cellular tissue bear to the muscu- 
lar ? In the lining of what organs do you find epithelial cells? In the 
lining membranes of what organs do you find ciliated epithelium ? W r hat 
is said of the nucleated cells in the nervous tissue ? 

[Compare 20-26 with 123-126, 177, 306, 334-340, 387, 388, 463 and 464.] 
Name the connective tissues. Mention some distinguishing features of 

each. Where do you find the white fibrous tissues? Where the yellow 

fibrous? Where is cartilage found? 

[Compare 28 with 120-122.] 
What tissue is found in the bones ? 

[Compare 29 with 173-176, 240-243, 306 and 337-340.] 
What is the structure of muscular tissue ? Where found ? 

[Compare 30, 341 with 459-462.] 
In what blood-vessels do you find the tubular tissue ? In what system ? 

[Compare 31-35 with 457-462.] 
Tell what you can about the nervous tissue. 

[Compare 36-38 with 237, 238, 240-243, 246, 335, 339, 340, 376-379, 388, 
389, 463 and 464.] 
Name the parts of the body where you find the Basement membrane. 

[Compare 39 with 246, 334, 390 and 463.] 
Where is the Serous membrane found? 

[Compare 40 with 125 and 177.] 
W r hat is the office of the Synovial membrane? 

[Compare 41-44 with 237, 238, 240-243, 386-389, 547 and 548.] 
Name the Mucous membranes. The mucous membrane lines what organs? 
Point out the difference between mucous and serous membranes. With 
what is the mucous membrane continuous? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Fig. 191. 




Fig. 191 {Leidy). Diagram exhibiting the Relative Position of the Common Ana- 
tomical Elements of Serous and Mucous Membranes, the Glands, the Lungs and 
the Skin. — 1, Epithelium, secreting cells or epidermis, composed of nucleated cells, and 
occupying the free surface of the structure mentioned. 2, Basement layer, represented 
much thicker than natural, in comparison with the other layers. 3, Fibrous layer, in 
which the arteries and veins (4, 4) terminate in a capillary network. Magnified. 



Fig. 192 




Fig. 193 




Fig. 192 {Leidy). Cartilage.— Section through the thickness of the oval cartilage of 
the nose. 1, Toward the exterior. 2, Toward the interior surface; highly magnified. 
It exhibits groups of cartilage cells imbedded in a homogeneous matrice. 

Fig. 193 {Leidy). Process of Multiplication, or Cartilage Cells. — 1, Simple cartilage 
cell from the embryo. 2, Increase of cartilage cells by division of the primary cell. 3, 4. 
Groups of cartilage cells, from an adult articular cartilage. Magnified. 



Fig. 194. 




Fig. 194 {Leidy). An Ideal Cell. — 1. Cell with its wall, protoplasm, nucleus and its 
nucleolus. 2, The same divided into two. 3, The same divided into four cells. 4, The 
same divided into many cells. The dark portion, the protoplasm ; the white spot, the 
nucleus ; the inner small circle, the nucleolus. Magnified. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Essential distinctions between mine- 
ral, vegetable and animal king- 
doms, 

Nature of life-force, 

Vitalized and non-vitalized bodies 
compared, 

Animals and plants compared, 

These distinctions in higher and 
lower forms. 

Organ, apparatus and functions, 

Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene, 

Structure of organs, 

Histology and Chemistry. 

Unity of plan in animals and plants, 

Protoplasm, 

Nucleated cell, 

Simple cell, 

Adaptation to different offices, 

Life and shape of cells, 

Modes of multiplication of cells, 

Growth, perfection and decay, 

Primary tissues, 

Object of the connective tissue. 

Fibrous tissue, 

Areolar, 

Cartilaginous, 

Adipose, 

Sclerous, 

Muscular, 

Tubular, 

Nervous. 

Basement membrane, 

Epithelium, 

Serous membrane, 

Synovial " 

Mucous membranes. 

Solids and fluids, 

Proximate constituents, 

Inorganic u 

Organic " 

Nitrogenous " 

Non-nitrogenous " 

Ultimate chemical elements. 



Kingdoms 
compared. 



?2. 

Definition 
of Terms. 



13. 

aiis. 



§4. 

Primary 
Tissues. 



2 5. 

Membranes. 



Solids and 
Fluids. 



Chap. I. 

General 
Remarks. 



Crap. II. 

General 

Histology. 



Chap. IIL 
General 

Chemistry. 



Division I. 

Outline, 
Principles. 



State the General Remarks, the General Histology and the 
General Chemistry of the human system. 

A* 



10 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AXI) ILLUSTRATIONS. 



DIVISION II.— THE MOTORY APPARATUS. 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

73. Why is the Motory Apparatus so called? Name its organs. 

CHAPTER IV.— The Bones. 
| 7. Anatomy of the Bones. 

74. Of what does the Internal Framework of the body consist? 

75. State the number and classes of the bones. 

76. Name the bones of the Head. 

77. How many bones compose the Skull? Give their names and 

positions. 

78. What is said of the skull-bones? How are they united? 

Observation. 

79. How many bones in the Face? Name and describe them. 

80. The Ear has how many bones ? 

81. State the number and names of the bones of the Trunk. 

82. How is the Thorax formed? What its natural form? What 

organs does it contain ? 

83. What is the situation of the Sternum ? 

84. Describe the Ribs. Distinguish between true and false. Why 

the floating ribs so called? What of their length and 
breadth ? 

85. Of what is the Spinal Column composed ? What is meant by 

body and process of a vertebra? State their uses. What 
is said of the arrangement of these processes ? 

86. State the arrangement of the Vertebrae. 

87. Describe the Cervical vertebra*. 

88. What is said of the Dorsal? 

89. How are the Lumbar distinguished ? 

90. What is found upon the Anterior and Posterior parts of the 

vertebrae? 

91. What are found between the arches of the vertebrae? How do 

they differ from other ligaments ? 

92. Speak of the Intervertebral ligaments. 

93. Of what i&the Pelvis composed? 

94. Describe the Innominatum. 

95. What is the Sacrum ? 

96. What changes occur in the Coccyx during life ? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 11 

97. Mention the number and names of the bones of the Upper 

Extremities. 

98. Where is the Scapula situated? 

99. To what is the Clavicle attached? 

100. Describe the Humerus. What cavity in this bone ? 

101. What is the Ulna? 

102. What is the position of the Eadius? With what does it 

articulate? 

103. Speak of the number and arrangement of the bones of the 

Carpus. 

104. State the arrangement of the Metacarpal bones. 

105. How many bones in the phalanges of the fingers? 

106. How many in. the Lower Extremities? What their names? 

107. What is said of the Femur? 

108. Patella? 

109. Tibia? 

110. Fibula? 

111. Tarsus? 

112. Of how many bones does the Metatarsus consist? 

113. How many do the phalanges of the toes contain ? 

114. How are joints formed? Name their groups. 

115. Mention and describe each kind of immovable joints. 

116. What are the mixed joints? Give examples. 

117. What is said of movable joints ? How many kinds ? Describe 

each. 

118. Give special description of certain forms of movable joints. 

I 8. Histology of the Bones. 

119. What is the character of the primitive basis of bone? State 

the changes previous to ossification. 

120. Give the Intra-cartilaginous mode of ossification. 

121. State the Intra-raembranous mode. 

122. What are the structure and texture of the long bones ? Where 

is the Medulla found? 

123. Distinguish between the Periosteum and Endosteum. 

124. Of what service is Cartilage? How arranged? 

125. Of what use the Synovial membrane? Name and describe 

its kinds. 

126. What are found in connection with the Synovial membrane? 

Describe the several kinds of ligaments. 



12 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

\ 9. Chemistry of the Bones. 

127. Of what are the bones composed? Mention the mineral con- 

stituents. Observation. 

\ 10. Physiology of the Bones. 

128. Name the uses of the Bones. 

129. What qualities found in bone ? 

130. What advantages result from the structure and arrangement 

of the skull-bones? 

131. Mention the offices of the spinal column. 

132. How are strength and firmness secured ? How the necessary 

rotary movement? To what are the muscles attached? 
What arrangement for the spinal cord? What provision 
is made to prevent injury to the brain ? 

133. What purpose do the Ribs serve? 

134. State the offices of the Pelvis. 

135. What is said of the form and proportion of the Upper Ex- 

tremities as relating to the hand? 

136. Compare the Lower Extremities with the Upper. 

137. Why are the shafts of the long bones hollow ? 

138. Enumerate the uses of the joints. 

139. State the purposes of the different classes of joints. 

140. Give the use of the Synovia. 

141. What is said of Cartilage? 

142. Speak of the function of the Ligaments. 

143. Of what service the Periosteum ? 

144. What is illustrated by each bone? 

$ U. Hygiene of the Bones. 

145. What is the influence of exercise on the health of the bones? 

How should it be taken ? 

146. To what are the lower extremities of the very young not 

adapted ? 

147. What should be avoided? Why? 

148. Why should an erect position be maintained ? 

149. How are distortions of the body produced ? 

150. What statements by eminent physicians ? How may slight 

curvatures of the spine be prevented or cured? 

151. In the fracture of bones or injury of limbs, what is necessary? 

What is "White Swelling?" Observation. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 13 

'& 12. Comparative Osteology 

152. Name and describe the sub -kingdoms. 

153. Give the classes of the Vertebrata. 

154. Compare the Vertebral Column of Mammals. What is said 

of it in Birds ? Eeptiles ? Fishes ? 

155. What is said of the bones of the head in Mammals ? Birds ? 

Eeptiles? Fishes? 

156. Why not a Clavicle in the ox. Describe the clavicle of Birds. 

Reptiles. Fishes. 

157. What of the Scapula of the lower order of animals? 

158. Speak of the Sternum of Birds. Reptiles. Fishes. 

159. Describe the Ribs in the different classes. 

160. What is said of the Humerus? 

161. What of the Radius and Ulna? 

162. What of the Carpus and Metacarpus ? 

163. Compare Posterior and Anterior Extremities of the several 

classes. What suggestion by the author? 



UNIFIC REVIEW. 

[Compare 74 with 152.] 
What constitutes the Skeleton? What is said of it in the different sub- 
kingdoms ? 

[Compare 76-79 with 155.] 
Compare the Bones of the Head in man with those of the lower animals. 

[Compare 81-97 with 154, 158 and 159.] 
What are the bones of the Trunk ? Are they all found in the lower animals ? 
Which is the largest bone in a Bird? 

[Compare 97-106 with 160-162.] 
Name all the bones of the Upper Extremities in the different classes of the 
Vertebrata. What peculiarity in the clavicle of Birds? 

[Compare 106-113 with 163.] 
Describe each bone of the Lower Extremities. 

[Compare 119-122 with 8-11 and 152.] 
What is the earliest organic form of living things ? State the process of 
ossification. 

[Compare 123 with 21-24.] 
What tissue in the Periosteum? Use of this membrane? 
2 



14 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

[Compare 126 with 21-23.] 
What tissue forms the Ligaments ? What does Ligament signify ? 

[Compare 127 with 47, 52, 56 and 70.] 
Name both the organic and inorganic matter in bones. 

[Compare 145 with 202, 213, 214, 281, 301 and 506.] 
What is necessary to the health of the bones ? What results follow a want 
of exercise? State the influence of exercise upon the health of the dif- 
ferent orarans. 




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QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. lo 

Fig. 190. 




10 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



17. 

Anatomy of. 



Histology of. 



SYNTHETIC EEVIEW. 

The Skeleton and its uses, 

Number and classes, 

Head, Trunk, 

Upper Extremities, 

Lower Extremities, 

Joints, 

Definition and classes of Joints, 

Immovable Joints, 

Mixed, Movable, 

Peculiar forms of Movable. 

Formation of Temporary Cartilage, 

Intra-cartilaginous mode of ossification, 

Intra-membranous mode, 

Structure of the Long Bones, 

Periosteum, Endosteum, 

Cartilages of the Joints, 

Synovial membrane, Ligaments. 

Chemical Composition, \ $9. 

Experiment showing earthy and animal matter. J Chemistry of. 

General uses of, 

Adaptation of their structure to their uses, 

Skill as shown in the Skull, 

" " Spinal Column, 

Kibs, 
Pelvis, 
" Upper Extremities, 

Lower Extremities, 
" " Long Bones, 

The uses of the Joints, 
Classification of the Joints, 
Of Movable Joints, 
Function of the Synovia, 

" Cartilages, 

" Ligaments, 

" Periosteum, 

Perfection of this part in the animal fabric. 
Effect of exercise upon the bones of children, 
" compression, 
" stooping, 
Treatment of Fractures, 
" Sprains, 

" Felons. 

Classification of Animals, 

" Vertebrates, 

Compare Spinal Column of Vertebrates, 
" Bones of the Head, 

Thorax, 
" " Extremities. 



110. 

Physiology 
of 



111. 

Hygiene of. 



§12. 

Comparative 
Osteology of. 



Chap. IV. 
The Bones. 



Give the Human and Comparative Anatomy and Histology of 
the Bones ; the Chemistry, the Physiology and the Hygiene. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 1 i 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER V.— The Muscles. 

\ 13. Anatomy of the Muscles. 

164. What property do the Muscles possess? By what law 

governed? Give the different forms. 

165. Describe the Fasciae. Define Origin and Insertion. 

166. Give the number and kinds of the muscles. 

167. How arranged? Define Extensors and Flexors. 

168. State the office of the Occipito-Frontalis ; of the Orbicularis 

Palpebrarum; of the Orbicularis Oris: of the Masseter 
and Temporal ; of the Sterno-Cleido-Mastoid. 

169. Of the Pectoralis Major ; of the Serratus Magnus ; oftheOb- 

liquus Externus and Rectus Abdominalis. 

170. Of the Trapezius, Rhomboideus Major and Minor ; of the 

Latissimus Dorsi; of the Serratus Posticus Inferior. 

171. Of the Deltoid; of the Biceps; of the Triceps; of the Flexor 

Carpi Radialis ; of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris ; of the Flexor 
Digitorum ; of the Extensor Digitorum ; of the Exteusor 
Carpi Radialis. 

172. Describe the Glutei, Sartorius, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Ex- 

ternus, Vastus Internus, Triceps Abductor Femoris, Biceps 
Femoris, Extensor Digitorum, Peroneus Longus, Gas- 
trochnemius Externus, Tendo-Achilles. 

I 14. Histology of the Muscles. 

173. Into what is a Muscle separable? 

174. By what is each muscle invested? What is Myolemma? 

175. Name and describe the classes of muscles. 

176. How is the contractility of the muscles stimulated? 

177. What are Tendons ? In what is each tendon enveloped ? 

178. Where do you find the blood-vessels of the muscles? 

179. What position do the Nerves occupy ? What is said of the 

different classes of the nerves? 

§ 15. Chemistry of the Muscles. 

180. What is said of the chemical composition of the muscles? 

Muscle sugar is where found? 

181. How does proper muscular substance differ from simple 

fibrous tissue ? 
2* 



18 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AXD ILLUSTRATIONS. 

182. Name some of the chemical changes attending muscular 

action. What is said of the " muscular current" ? Ob- 
servation. 

$ 16. Physiology of the Muscles. 

183. State the relative uses of bones and muscles. 

184. Name the uses of the muscles. 

185. To what are the Voluntary muscles subject? What is im- 

plied by the motion of a limb ? 

186. Of what aid the muscular sense ? What is said of the exer- 

cise of this muscular sense ? 

187. What are the Involuntary muscles? 

188. What involuntary muscles are somewhat under the control 

of the Will ? Of what advantage this ? Observation. 

189. State the office of the Tendons. Do they possess contractility? 

In what respect do you see in them an exhibition of care 
and skill ? Illustrate with the hand. 

190. Define a Lever, and name its kinds. 

191. Explain each kind. 

192. Where are the principles of the first kind illustrated? 

193. Where those of the second ? 

194. Of the third? 

195. What is said of the oblique action of the muscles ? What is 

important to notice in this connection? Compare the 
Extensors with the Flexors. 

196. Where does the pulley find illustration ? 

197. What is said of the direction of the different layers? 

198. In what is mechanical skill shown? 

199. Speak of muscular force. 

\ 17. Hygiene of the Muscles. 

200. What advantage in possessing healthy muscles? Name the 

first essential. What is the influence of pure blood on the 
muscles? 

201. Why should the muscles not be compressed? What is said 

of the pressure of dressing in case of a fractured limb ? 
What are the results of tight dresses on health ? To what 
is tight-lacing compared? 

202. How does exercise promote the health and growth of muscles ? 

Illustration. 

203. State the relation of relaxation to contraction. Illustration. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND FRUSTRATIONS. 19 

204. Give a reason for a change of employment. Illustration. 

205. How should the muscles be called into action? Observation. 

206. How rested ? 

207. How should exercise be taken ? 

208. What kind of exercise ? What pastimes should be chosen ? 

209. To what should the amount of exercise be adapted? Ob- 

servation. 

210. State the proper time for exercise. Observation. 

211. Mention the influence of the mind on the muscles. 

212. What should be taken into consideration as to the amount 

of exercise? 

213. In what diseases are great care and discretion necessary as 

regards exercise ? 

214. What is said of the exercise of the muscles in chronic diseases 

of the digestive organs? What is important to secure 
beneficial results? Observation. 

215. Why do the muscles require erect positions of the body? 

216. What attention should be given to children and youth? 

What care in furnishing school-rooms ? Observation. 

217. Why relaxation of muscles necessary in walking, jumping, 

etc.? Observation. 

218. State and illustrate the influence of education. Observation. 

\ 18. Comparative Myology. 

219. What is said of the muscles of Mammals? Of their color? 

220. For what is the muscular system of Birds remarkable? 

221. Speak of the muscles of Eeptiles. 

222. What modification of muscles in Fishes? What color? 

UXIFIC EEYIEW. 

[Compare 164, 165, 166 with 173, 174 and 219-222.] 
What is the structure of the muscles? State their relation to the bones. 
Compare the muscles of man with those of other mammals. What is 
peculiar to muscle ? 

[Compare 176 with 441, 450 and 469.] 
What are the causes of muscular activity ? State the connection between 
the muscular and nervous system. 

[Compare 177 with 22.] 
Where do you find the white fibrous and muscular tissue closely related? 

[Compare 178 with 371.] 
How are the muscles nourished ? 



20 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

[Compare 180 with 50-54.] 
Of what is the muscular tissue composed? 

[Compare 201 with 360 and 425.] 
State the evil results of compression of the muscles. 

[Compare 202 with 361 and 506.] 
What is the influence of exercise on circulation and muscular power? 
What the effect of a want of it on the Nervous System ? 

[Compare 203 with 209, 210, 2S1 and 506.] 
In taking exercise, what caution as to the age, time, amount, etc. ? 







Fig. 


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QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



21 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Law of muscular contraction, 
Consequent forms of muscles, 
Modes of attachment, 
Number and general arrangement, 
Of Head and Neck, 

" Anterior part of Trunk, 

" Posterior " 

" Upper Extremities, 

" Lower Extremities. 
Analysis, 
Sheaths, 

Voluntary and involuntary, 
Exciting agents of contractility, 
Tendons, 
Blood-vessels, 
Nerves. 

Chemical composition, 

Chemical changes attending muscular action, 
Muscular current. 

Relative uses of Bones and Muscles, 
Important functions, 
Relation of the Will to muscular action, 

muscular sense " u 

The muscular sense a source of enjoyment, 
Importance of involuntary movements, 
Importance of such movements being some- 
times voluntary. 



§13. 

Anatomy of. 



§14. 

Histology of. 



§15. 

Chemistry of. 



Tendons, 
Mechanical 



rs exhibited in muscular 



powers 
action, 
Lever, Pulley, 
Oblique action, etc., 
Deep-seated, 
Minute. 

Healthy condition, 
Freedom from compression. 
Exercise, 

Conditions to be observed in exercise, 
Exercise sometimes injurious, 
Effect of mental stimulus, 
Regard necessary to age and health, 
Position of the body, 
Proper tension, 
Education. 
Muscles of other mammals and man, 

Birds, 

Reptiles, 

Fishes. 



Chap. V. 
' Tlie Muscles. 



§16. 

Physiology 
of. 



J 



117. 

Hygiene of 



5 18. 

Comparative 
Myology of 



Give the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the Physiolo ;y, 
the Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the Muscles. 



22 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Fig. 108. 




\1 

Hi /L 





QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



23 



DIVISION II.— MOTORY APPARATUS. 



SYNTHETIC EEVIEW. 



ct. 7. Anatomy of. 


* 




" 8. Histology of. 






" 9. Chemistry of. 
" 10. Physiology of. 


Chap. IV. 
The Bones. 




" 11. Hygiene of. 






" 12. Comparative Osteology of. 
11 13. Anatomy of. 




Division II 
■ Motory 
Apparatus. 


" 14. Histology of. 






u 15. Chemistry of. 


Chap. Y. 




" 16. Physiology of. 


The Muscles. 




" 17. Hygiene of. 






" 18. Comparative Myology of. 


, 





Give the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the Physiology, 
the Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the Motory Apparatus. 



24 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



DIVISION III. — THE NUTRITIVE 
APPARATUS. 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

223. In what processes are the organs of the Nutritive Apparatus 

used? Name the organs. 

CHAPTER VI.— The Digestive Organs. 

§ 19. Anatomy of the Digestive Organs. 

224. What are included in the Digestive Organs? 

225. Describe the Mouth. 

226. What is said of the Teeth ? How many parts has each tooth ? 

Observation. 

227. What are the temporary teeth? The permanent? Name and 

describe the different forms of the teeth. 

228. Of how many pairs do the Salivary Glands consist? Name 

and describe each pair. Observation. 

229. Describe the Pharynx. 

230. What is the (Esophagus? 

231. What is said of the Stomach? 

232. Mention the divisions of the Intestines. Describe the small 

intestine. 

233. State the length and parts of the large intestine. Describe 

each part. 

234. Describe the Liver. By what surrounded? How many 

lobes ? What is on the under side? 

235. What is said of the Pancreas? 

236. What is the Spleen ? Why so named? 

\ 20. Histoloyy of the Digestive Organs. 

237. By what is the alimentary canal lined? 

238. Describe the covering of the mouth. Describe the tongue. 

Name and describe its muscles. Distinguish between hard 
and soft palate. 

239. What is the relation of the teeth to the mucous membrane of 

the mouth ? Give their composition. What is the Enamel ? 
Describe the Cement. 

240. Describe the walls of the Pharynx. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 25 

241. Name and describe the coats of the (Esophagus. 

242. Describe the coats of the Stomach. 

243. What is said of the coats and muscular fibres of the intes- 

tines ? What are the ValvuUe Conniventes? Describe 
the Villi. 

244. How many coats has the Liver? Describe the lobules. 

What is the mid-vein? What relation the hepatic system 
to the portal ? 

245. Describe the coats of the Spleen. 

246. What is the Peritoneum ? 

\ 21. Chemistry of the Digestive Organs. 

247. What secretions effect chemical changes during digestion ? 

248. What is Mucus? Its composition? 

249. Describe Saliva. Its composition. What is said of it when 

first secreted? What salts does it contain? State its 
chemical effect. 

250. What are the properties of Gastric Juice? Name its charac- 

teristic constituent What saline matter? What of its 
solvent power? What changes does it effect? 

251. Describe Bile. Its composition. What changes caused by it. 

252. What is said of the Pancreatic Juice? What per cent, solid 

matter? Its salts? Its chemical power? 

253. Speak of the Intestinal Juices. 

254. State the summing up of the changes in three staminal prin- 

ciples of food. 

255. What is the relation of acid and alkali in the digestive fluids? 

122. Physiology of the Digestive Organs. 

256. What change in food is necessary? What is Primary As- 

similation ? What Secondary ? What is Digestion ? 

257. To what is the alimentary canal likened? How is Chyme 

produced ? 

258. Speak of the changes of food in the stomach. Can the food 

return to the oesophagus? Why not? When does the 
food leave the stomach ? What is there peculiar about the 
Pylorus? 

259. What changes occur in the alimentary canal ? 

260. What becomes of the nutritious part of the food? 

3 B 



26 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

I 23. Hygiene of the Digestive Organs. 

261. Name the first requisite for the preservation of the Teeth. 

What is the effect of sudden changes of temperature? 
Should acids be used? What objection to the use of 
tobacco ? Why should the teeth be frequently examined ? 

262. When should the temporary teeth be removed? What do 

the irregular permanent teeth generally require? Does 
toothache always indicate a necessity of extraction ? Ob- 
servation. 

263. What is required for the health of the Digestive Organs ? 

264. What is said of the quantity of food ? 

265. What must the supply equal? When must supply exceed 

waste ? 

266. When should the quantity of food be diminished ? 

267. Why is more food required in winter than in summer? 

268. To what should the amount be adapted ? 

269. What should be the quality of food? 

270. What must proper aliment contain ? 

271. How should food be cooked? What are the best methods of 

preparation ? 

272. To what should the quality be adapted ? 

273. What is said of vegetable diet? 

274. Who require stimulating food? Who unstimulating ? 

275. What is said of the manner of taking food ? 

276. Why should food be properly masticated? 

277. Why not take drink with food? 

278. Why should regard be had to the temperature of drink? 

279. How and when should food be taken ? 

281. State the reason for not taking food just before or after exer- 

cise. What is the influence of moderate exercise? Ob- 
servation. 

282. Why is it not best to eat immediately before retiring to 

sleep ? 

283. What influence does the mind exert upon the digestive 

organs? How should indigestion arising from nervous 
prostration be treated ? 

284. After long abstinence, what kind of food should be taken? 

285. What influence does the condition of the skin exert? 

286. Why is pure air necessary ? General Observation. Re- 

capitulation. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 27 

\ 24. Comparative Splanchnology. 

287. What is said of the Nutritive Apparatus of Vertebrates? 

288. Compare the mouth and teeth of the Vertebrates. 
2S9. Of Birds. 290. Of Reptiles. 291. Of Fishes. 

292. How are the digestive fluids supplied? 

293. Speak of the stomach and intestines of Vertebrates. 

294. Give the process of digestion in Ruminants. 

295. Name and describe the stomachs of Birds. 

29G. Compare the alimentary canal of Reptiles with that of Mam- 
mals or Birds. 
297. What is said of the alimentary canal in Fishes ? 

UNIFIC REVIEW. 

[Compare 225-227 with 287-29].] 
Compare the teeth of man with those of the lower animals 

[Compare 228 with 292.] 
Describe the Salivary Glands in all animals. 

[Compare 229-236 with 293-297.] 
Contrast the Digestive Organs of Man with those of other Mammals, Birds, 
Reptiles and Fishes. 

[Compare 237, 238 with 36-44, 2S9-292, 547 and 548.] 
Give a full description of the lining membrane of the mouth and alimentary 
canal of the different classes of animals. 

[Compare 239 with 288-291.] 
Speak of the difference of the form of the teeth in animals. 

[Compare 240-243 with 293-297.] 
Give the comparative Histology of the (Esophagus, Stomach and Intestines. 

[Compare 244 with 292, 296 and 297.] 
What is said of the Liver in the different animals? 

[Compare 247-255 with 45-51, 57-60, 65 and 67-70.] 
Give an outline of the Chemistry of the Digestive Organs. 

[Compare 256-260 with 294 and 295.] 
Compare the digestive processes in different classes of animals. 

[Compare 280-286 with 209-214, 410-415 and 500-506.] 
In what condition should the system be to take food without injury ? State 
the influence of exercise upon digestion. What does the health of the 
human system require? 



28 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig. 199. Fig. 200. 

ill 




Fig. log. Stomach of an Ox.— 1, (Esophagus. 2, Rumen (paunch). 3, Reticulum 
(honeycomb). 4, Omasum (many-plies). 5, Abomasum (rennet). 6, Intestine. 

Fig. 200. Stom\ch of a Sheep.— 1, (Esophagus. 2, Rumen. 3, Reticulum. 4, Omasum. 
5, Abomasum, or rennet. 6, Intestine. 



Fig. 201. 



Fig. 202. 





Fig. 202. The Alimentary Canal of 
the Sword-Fish— 1, Liver. 2, 3, Ceeca, 
or pouches, connecting with small intes- 
tine. 4, 5, Small intestine, coiled. 6, 
Large intestine. 7, Biliary duct. 



Fig. 201. The Alimentary Canal of the Flying Lizard.— 1, (Esophagus. 2, Stomach. 
3, 3, Small intestine. 4, Large intestine. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS. AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



29 



SYNTHETIC KEVIEW. 



Mouth, 


" 




Teeth, 






Salivary Glands, 






Pharynx, 






CEsophagus, 


§19- 




Stomach, 


Anatomy of. 




Intestines, 






Liver, 






Pancreas, 






Spleen. 






Lining membrane of Alimentarv Canal, 






Mouth, 






Composition of the Tongue, 






" Teeth, 






Palates, 






Pharynx, 


. i 20. 




Coats of the (Esophagus, 


Histology of 




" Stomach. 






" Intestines, 






Liver, 






" Spleen, 






Peritoneum. 






Secretions, Names, 




Chap. VI. 


" Character, 




Digestive 
Organs. 


Mucus, 






Saliva, 






Gastric Juice, 


. §21. 




Bile, 


Chemistry of 




Pancreatic Juice, 






Intestinal Juice, 






Changes in Food, 






Acids and Alkalies. s 






Assimilation, 






Chvmification, 


. §22. 




Chvlifaction, 


Physiology of. 




Destination of Chyle, ; 






Preservation of Teeth, 






Removal " 






Quantity of Food, 


2 23. 




Quality " 


Hygiene of 




Manner of taking Food, 






Condition of the System, < 






Nutritive Apparatus of Vertebrates, 


§24. 

- Comparative 
Splanchnology 




Mouth and Teeth, 
Digestive Fluids, 
Stomach and Intestines. 




of J 





State the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the Physi- 
ology and the Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the 
Digestive Organs, figs. 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204. 



3* 



30 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AKD ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Fig. 203. 




Fig. 203. The Alimentary Canal op Man.— 1, (Esophagus. 2, The stomach. 3, Car- 
diac orifice. 11, Pylorus. 5, Biliary duct. 4, 4, 4, 1, Small intestines. 6, Pancreatic 
duct. 7, Ascending colon. 8, Transverse colon. 9, Descending colon. 10, Rectum. 

Pig. 204. The Alimentary Canal of a Po^vyl.— 1, The oesophagus. 2. Ingluvies (crop). 
3, Proventiculus (secretiug stomach). 4, Triturating stomach (gizzard). 6 5 Intestine 
<5, Two caeca. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 31 



ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER VII.— Absorption. 

298. Define Absorption and Absorbents. State the difference be- 

tween general and intrinsic absorption. 

\ 25. Anatomy of the Absorbents. 

299. Of what do the Absorbents consist? What is Lymph? 

Describe the Lacteals. 

300. What is said of the Lymphatic Glands ? 

301. Where are the Lymphatic Vessels found? State the kinds 

of Lymphatics. 

302. Give the course of the Thoracic Duct. 

303. Describe the Lymphatic Duct. 

304. Where are the Lymphatic Glands found? 

305. What is the Portal Vein? 

I 26. Histology of the Absorbents. 

306. Describe the coats of the Lymphatic Vessels. With what are 

the larger Lymphatic Tubes supplied? 

307. What is the supposed composition of the Lymphatic Glands? 

308. Give the origin of the Lymphatics and Lacteals. 

309. Of what does Lymph consist ? 

\ 27. Chemistry of the Absorbents. 

310. What chemical changes occur in the absorbent system? 

311. Give the proportions of the chief ingredients of Chyle in the 

afferent Lacteals. In the efferent Lacteals. In the Thoracic 
Duct. 

312. What changes take place in the Portal circulation ? 

§ 28. Physiology of the Absorbents. 

313. What is the office of the Lymphatics? 

314. What may the office of the Lymphatics include ? What is 

said of disintegration of the tissues? 

315. Speak of the absorbing power of the mucous membrane. 

316. Illustrate the absorbent power of the skin. 



32 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AXD ILLUSTRATIONS. 

317. When are the fluids of the serous and synovial membranes 

absorbed? Observations. 

318. Describe Endosmosis. 

§ 29. Hygiene of the Absorbents. 

319. What should be the condition of the air? 

320. What influence has moisture? 

321. What is the influence of nutritious food upon absorption ? 

322. What care is necessary in handling poisons ? 




Fig. 205.— Small intestine. 2. 2, 2, Lacteals. 3, 3, 3, Thoracic duct. 4, Stomach. 5, 
Colon. 6. Pancreas. 7, Liver. 8, 8, Diaphragm. 9, Heart. 10, 10, Lungs. 11, Large 
vein into which the thoracic duct opens. 12, 12, Spinal column. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 33 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Process of Absorption, 
Specific and General. 
Absorbents, 
Lymph, 
Lymphatic Glands, 

" Vessels, 

Thoracic Duct, 
Lymphatic Glands, position, 
Absorbent Veins. 
Lymphatic Vessels, 
Glands, # 
Origin of Lymphatics, 
Lymph. 
Changes in absorbent system, 

" portal circulation. 

Office of the Lymphatics, 
Power of different tissues, 

a membranes, 
Absorption in disease, 
Imbibition of membranes. 
Condition of the air, 
Effect of nutritious food, 
" removal of cuticle. 



§25. 

Anatomy of. 



I 26. 

Histology of. 

§27. 

Chemistry of. 



§28. 

Physiology of. 

3 29. 

Hygiene of. 



Chap. VII. 
The Absorbents. 



Give the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the Physiology 
and the Hygiene of the Absorbent System of man. 



B* 



34 t^UESTIONS^ DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Fig. 206 




Fig. 206. — 1, 1, The absorbents of the lower extremities. 2, The small intestine. 3, 
The lacteals. 4, 4, The thoracic duct. 5, 5, 5, Absorbent ducts. 6, 6, Absorbents of the 
arms. 7, Absorbents of the neck. 8, A large vein that opens into the right auricle of 
the heart. 9, The right auricle. 10, 10, The diaphragm. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 35 



ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER VIIL— The Circulation. 
$30. The Blood. 

323. From what source is the blood derived? Of what does the 

blood consist? 

324. For what purpose is the blood constantly undergoing loss? 

Observation. 

325. Why must the blood be kept in circulation ? Name the Cir- 

culatory Organs. 

| 31. Anatomy of the Circulatory Organs. 

326. Describe the Heart. 

327. What are the Arteries? To what is the Aorta likened? 

What are the Capillaries ? Where found ? 

328. Give the course of the Veins. What constitutes the Systemic 

circulation ? What the Pulmonic ? 

329. From what part of the heart arises the Aorta? Name its 

divisions. Describe the Arch. 

330. State the course of the Thoracic Aorta. 

331. What is said of the Abdominal Aorta, its divisions and sub- 

divisions ? 

332. Give the divisions of the Carotid arteries. To what parts 

of the body do the subclavian arteries furnish branches ? 
What is said of the extension of the subclavian artery ? 

333. How are the Veins arranged ? Describe the Superior Vena 

Cava. Inferior Vena Cava. Portal vein. Pulmonary 
veins. 

§ 32. Histology of the Circulatory Organs. 

334. Of what is the Pericardium composed ? 

335. What can you say of the Endocardium? Where does the 

fibro-elastic tissue form four rings ? What and where are 
the Semi-lunar valves ? 

336. Where are the Mitral valves? Where the Bicuspids? 

337. Upon what is the muscular structure of the heart based? 

What is said of the superficial fibres? Where is the 
middle stratum of fibres found ? 

338. Of what do the muscular fibres of the auricles consist ? 



36 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS . 

339. Name and describe the coats of the arteries. 

340. How are the veins constructed ? Describe the valves in the 

veins. Where found ? 

341. Give the structure of the Capillaries. 

§ 33. Chemistry of the Blood. 

342. State the analysis of the blood. 

343. What per cent, of solid matter and water in the blood ? 

344. How are the mineral substances distributed in the blood? 

What effect has air on blood? 

I 34. Physiology of the Circulatory Organs. 

345. Why is circulation necessary? Why a double heart? 

346. Give the Systemic circulation ; the Pulmonic. 

347. What is said of the contraction and dilatation of the auricles 

and ventricles ? What is the effect of such action ? 

348. In the construction of the circulatory system, what was 

necessary ? 

349. By what means are proper circulatory impulses given ? 

350. How is a backward flow from the auricles prevented ? From 

the ventricles ? From the arteries ? From the Pulmonary 
artery ? 

351. How are the arteries protected against sudden action of the 

heart? 

352. How is the current maintained ? 

353. Explain the capillary circulation ; also the portal current. 

354. How is a continuation of the flow through the veins effected ? 

355. How is the intermittent pressure caused by the action of the 

heart equalized? 

356. What secures the relative amount of blood to each organ? 

357. What provision is there for contingencies ? 

358. By the study of circulation what effect is produced upon the 

susceptible mind? 

§ 35. Hygiene of the Circulatory Organs. 

359. What temperature should be preserved ? 

360. Why should the clothing be worn loosely? 

361. What is the influence of exercise on circulation? 

362. What is said of the quality and quantity of the blood? 

Illustration. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 37 

363. In case of haemorrhage from divided arteries, what should 

be done ? 

364. In flesh wounds, what course is to be taken ? Observation. 

What is the treatment of wounds caused by blunt instru- 
ments? Of wounds from poisonous bites? 

I 36. Comparative Angiology. 

365. What is said of the blood and circulatory organs of Mammals? 

366. Of Birds? 367. Of Eeptiles ? 368. Of Fishes? 



UNIFIC REVIEW. 

[Compare 323 with 313-318 and 256-260.] 
Give in full the change in food during primary assimilation. 

[Compare 324 with 369-378.] 
How does the blood contribute- to the growth of the different parts of the 
body? 

[Compare 325 with 326-333.] 

Name and describe the organs by which the blood effects this contribution. 

[Compare 326 with 365, 367 and 368.] 
Compare the heart of man with that of other Mammals, and with those 
of Birds, Reptiles and Fishes. 

[Compare 327-333 with 365-368.] 
Describe the blood-vessels in the different classes of animals. 

[Compare 359-362 with 201, 202, 211-214, 264-274, 509 and 591-607.] 
What conditions favor free circulation ? What can you say of the food in 
this connection ? How is exercise essential to the health of the nervous 
tissue? In connection with circulation, what is said of the clothing and 
bathing ? 
4 



38 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Blood, its circulation, 


3 30. 




" loss of, 




Circulatory Organs. 


The Blood. 




Heart, 






Arteries, 






Capillaries, 






Veins, 






Aorta, Arch, 






" Thoracic, 


8 31. 




" Abdominal, 




Arteries, Carotid and Subclavian, 


Anatomy of. 




Veins, arrangement, 






Superior Vena Cava, 






Inferior " 






Portal Vein, 






Pulmonary Vein. 






Pericardium, 






Endocardium, 






Valves of the heart, 


« 32. 




Muscular structure of the heart, 




Arteries, their coats, 


Histology of. 




Veins, [ 




Chap. VIII. 


Capillaries. 




*- The Circulatory 


Analysis of the blood, ' 


8 33. 

Chemistry of. 


Organs. 


Distribution of mineral substances. 




Necessity of double circulation, 






Systemic Circulation, 






Pulmonic Circulation, 






Their relation to each other, 






Necessary provisions, 






Circulatory impulse, 






Prevention of the flow, 


§34. 




Current maintained, 


Physiology of. 




Flow through the capillaries, 






veins, 






Equalization of the current, 






Due supply to each organ, 






Provision for contingencies, 






Mechanism of the body. 






Conditions favoring free circulation, ] 
Treatment of divided arteries. 


1 35. 




Hygiene of. 




Blood and blood-vessels of Mammals, 






Birds, 


§ 36. 




" " Reptiles, 
Fishes. 


* Comparative 
Angiologyof. 





Give the Anatomy of the several parts of the Circulatory Sys- 
tem, Human and Comparative, the Histology, the Chemistry, the 
Physiology and the Hygiene. 



P*noTmcLAND>---:-3fm D .R UCT \ 



EXTERNAL JUGULAR VSItJ ■ 

INTERNAL JUGULAR V61N— 

CLMICLE 

j VEIN- 

SVBCLMANfa-nrflr. 



PADIAL {»»™%: 




Fig. 207. 



sy 



40 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Fig. 208. 



Fig. 209. 





Fig. 210. 




Fig. 208. A Diagram of the Circulation of Mammals. — 1, Right auricle. 2, Right 
ventricle. 9, Left auricle. 10, Left ventricle. 4, 5, Pulmonary arteries. 7, 8, Pul- 
monary veins. 11, 12, 13, 13, Aorta and its branches. 6, 6, Pulmonary capillaries. 14, 
14, Systemic capillaries. 17, Tricuspid valves. 19, Mitral valves. 18, 20, Semilunar 
valves of the pulmonary artery and the aorta. 

Fig. 209. A Diagram of the Circulation of Reptiles. — 1, The pericardium. 2, The 
ventricle. 3, The right auricle. 4, The left auricle. 

Fig. 210. A Diagram of the Circulation of Fishes. — 1, The pericardium. 2, The 
ventricle. 3, The auricle. 4, The vessel that conveys the blood to the branchia (gills). 
5, The vessel that conveys the blood from the gills to the body of the fish. 6, The vessel 
that conveys the blood from the body of the fish to the heart. 

In these three diagrams the arrows indicate the direction of the blood. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 41 



ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER IX.— Assimilation. 
$ 37. Assimilation, General and Special. 

369. How is life maintained ? Distinguish between General and 

Special Assimilation. 

370. What is said of the corpuscles of the blood ? What of the 

blood-plasma? 

371. State the first stage in the nutrition of the organs and tissues. 

What is the second? The third? The fourth? The fifth? 

372. How are new- cell-elements reproduced? When does this 

process occur? 

373. What is Special Assimilation ? 

374. Name the secreting glands and membranes. What is said 

of substances not found in the blood? 

375. How is excretion effected? Name the excretory organs. 

How are the substances which are eliminated from the 
blood in excretion produced? 

376. Speak of the secretory and excretory processes. 

377. Describe the kidneys. Observation. 



UNIFIC EEVIEW. 

[Compare 369 with 3.] 
In studying assimilation, with what distinctions between organized and 
unorganized bodies do you become acquainted ? 

[Compare 370 with 256-260.] 
Give the successive stages in Primary Assimilation. 

[Compare 371, 372 with 13-17, 45, 46, 119-121, 173, 178, 180, 181 and 460.] 
Speak of the structure of cells, and tell how their growth is promoted. 

[Compare 373, 374 with 247-255 and 36-44] 
Name the secretory organs, and state the changes caused by their secretions. 

[Compare 375-379 with 13, 14, 247, 251, 253, 391-395 and 554.] 
Distinguish between Excretion and Secretion. In what processes do the 
epithelial cells become ruptured? Of what advantage is excretion? 
4* 



42 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SYNTHETIC EEVIEW. 



Assimilation, General and Special, 






Blood, its formation, 






Assimilation, Secondary, First Stage, 






Second " 






Third " 
Fourth " 
Fifth " 
Secretion, 


1 37. 

- Assimilation, 
General and 
Special. 


Chap. IX. 
Assimilation. 


" its glands and membranes, 






Excretion, 






Secretory and excretory process compared, 






Kidneys. 







State what you know of Assimilation, general and special, 
Secretion and Excretion. 



Fig. 217. 




Fig. 211 (Leidy). Longitudinal Section of a Kidney. — 1, Cortical substance. 2, 
Renal pyramid. 3, Renal papillfe. 4, Pelvis. 5, Ureter. 6, Renal artery. 7, Renal 
vein. 8, Branches ©f the latter vessels in the sinus of the kidney. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 43 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 
CHAPTER X.— The Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 
§ 38. Anatomy of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 

380. Of what do the Respiratory and Vocal organs consist ? 

381. Describe the Larynx. Of what is it composed? What is 

said of the Thyroid cartilage? Of the Cricoid? Of the 
Arytenoid ? Of the Epiglottis ? 

382. What is the Trachea? 

383. Give the divisions and subdivisions of the Trachea. 

384. Of how many divisions do the Lungs consist? Of what form 

are they ? What is the Pleura ? Compare the Lungs. 

| 39. Histology of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 

385. What is said of the structure of the Larynx ? 

386. Describe the Vocal cords. 

387. Of what is the Trachea made up? Speak of each part. 

388. Distinguish between the Bronchi and Trachea. 

389. How are the Lungs constructed? In what way are the air- 

cells connected together? 

390. Describe the Pleura. 

I 40. Chemistry of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 

391. Of what does Respiration consist? 

392. 393. State the source of carbonic acid. 

394. Give the proportions of oxygen and carbonic acid in the 

arterial and venous blood. 

395. State the physical process by which an exchange of oxygen 

and carbonic acid in the capillaries is effected, also the 
chemical process. 

396. In what respect does expired air differ from that inspired ? 

397. What is the source of animal heat? Of what temperature 

the tissues ? Of what the blood ? 

\ 41. Physiology of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 

398. What are the objects of Respiration ? What are the results 

of the chemical changes ? 

399. Of what acts does respiration consist? How is inspiration 

effected? Give the motion of the ribs and diaphragm. 



44 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

400. What is said of the movements in expiration ? What muscles 

are called into action ? 

401. Define abdominal and pectoral respiration. 

402. How is the air in the air-cells renovated ? 

403. Is the amount of air taken in and given out in respiration 

always the same ? 

404. Speak of the frequency of respiration. 

405. What are the actions of sighing, yawning, sobbing, laughing, 

coughing and sneezing? 

406. What is the office of the Larynx in respiration ? Of what is 

the Larynx the special organ ? 

407. What laws govern the vibrations of the vocal cords ? 

408. What modify the tones? How further modified? Upon what 

does the general strength of the voice depend? 

\ 42. Hygiene of the Respiratory and Vocal Organs. 

409. Why is proper respiration important ? 

410. Why must there be a constant and sufficient supply of pure air? 

411. What is the influence of carbonic acid? 

412. Mention its sources. 

413. What regard should be had for the surroundings of our 

dwelling-houses ? 

414. Where is the chief danger? 

415. What remarks as to the necessity of ventilation of school- 

rooms? Of churches? 

416. Of concert-halls ? 

417. State the influence of habit in accustoming ourselves to 

foul air. 

418. What is said of the ventilation of sleeping-rooms? Ob- 

servations. 

419. What attention should be paid to the sick-room ? 

420. Speak of the means of ventilation in summer. 

421. What means in winter? 

422. What is the healthiest known means for ventilating a small 

room? 

423. What is said of the use of stoves ? 

424. Give the quotation on the use of steam for warming rooms. 

425. What besides purity of air is required for proper respiration ? 

What objectionable fashion is noticed? 

426. Compare the custom of the Chinese women with that of the 

American. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 45 

427. What effect lias compression of the mother's chest on her 

offspring ? 

428. How can the chest made small by compression be enlarged? 

Observation. 

429. By what is respiration much influenced ? 

430. State the process of resuscitating persons asphyxiated from 

drowning, strangulation, electricity, or breathing poisonous 
gases. Observation. 

I 43. Comparative Pneumonology. 

431. How does the Eespiratory apparatus in all the mammalia 

compare with that in man ? 

432. Describe the Lungs of Birds. 

433. What is said of the Ultimate Pulmonary Capillaries? 

434. What marked modification of respiration in Birds ? 

435. Speak of respiration in Reptiles. 436. In Fishes. 

437. Describe the Gills. 

438. What remarkable feature in the organization of some fish ? 

UNIFIC REVIEW. 

[Compare 380-389 with 431-438.] 
Compare each respiratory organ in man with that of the lower classes of 

animals. 

[Compare 385-388 with 21, 22, 23 and 25.] 
Name the tissues found in the organs of respiration. How disposed? 

[Compare 389 with 26, 36, 37 and 341.] 
What tissue in the Lungs ? Describe the variety of Epithelium in the 
organs of respiration, and name those organs. Describe the capillaries, 
and state their relations to the air-cells of the lungs. 

[Compare 390 with 39.] 
What membrane forms the Pleura? What is said of it and its secretion ? 

[Compare 391-396 with 45, 46, 50 and 70-72.] 
Give the chemical changes which occur during respiration. 

[Compare 397, 398 with 182, 186 and 187.] 
What chemical actions produce heat? State the influence of respiration 
on motion. 

[Compare 425-428 with 206.] 
Of what advantage is exercise of the lungs? What is necessary after 
exercise ? 

[Compare 429 with 211, 215, 509, 514 and 515. 
What connection is there between respiration and mental energy ? What 
caution is given? 



46 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Larynx, 

" its parts, 
Trachea, 
Bronchi, 
Lungs. 
Larynx, 
Vocal Cords, 
Trachea, 
Bronchi, 
Lungs, 
Pleura, 
Respiration, 
Carbonic Acid, 

Exchange of Oxygen and Carbonic Acid, 
Expired and inspired air, 
Animal heat. 
Object of respiration, 
Modes 

Renovation of air in air-cells, 
Amount of air in respiration, 
Number of respirations, 
Modifications of respiratory movements, 
Double function of the Larynx, 
Special 

Vibration of the Vocal Cords, 
Conditions affecting tones, 

" strength of voice. 
Importance of proper respiration, 
Pure blood, how obtained, 
Carbonic Acid, its influence, 

" its sources, 

Dwelling-houses, location, 

impure air in, 
Public Buildings, ventilation, 
Sleeping-rooms, " 

Sick-rooms, " 

Pure air and warmth, how obtained, 
Importance of moisture, 
Compression of respiratory organs, 
Enlargement of the chest, 
Influence of nervous system, 
Resuscitation of asphyxiated persons. 
Mammalia, Respiratorv Organs of, 
Birds, " " 

Reptiles, " " 

Fishes, 



I 38. 

Anatomy of 



§39. 

Histology of. 



§40. 

Chemistry of. 



I 41. 

Physiology of 



Chap. X. 

,. The Respirolory 

and Vocal 

Organs. 



§42. 

Hygiene of 



§43. 

Comparative 

Pneumonology 

of. 



Give the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the Physi- 
ology and the Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the Organs 
of Respiration, figs. 212, 213, 214, 215, 216. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 47 



Fig. 213. 



Fig. 212. 





Fig. 212. 3, 3, 3, The lobes of the right lung. 4, 4, The lobes of the left lung. 5, 6, 7, 
The heart. 9, 10, 11, The large blood-vessels. 12, The trachea. 15, 15, 15, The diaphragm. 

Fig. 213. 1, Outline of right lung. 2, Outline of left lung. 3, 4, Larj'nx and trachea. 
5, 6, 7, 8, Bronchial tubes. 9, 9, Air-cells. 




Fig. 214. An Ideal View of the Pulmonic Circulation. — 1, 1, The right lung. 2, 2, 
The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, The right bronchial tube. 5, The left bronchial tube. 
6, 6, 6, 6, Air-cells. 7, The right auricle. 8, The right ventricle. 9, The tricuspid valves. 
10, The pulmonic artery. 11, The branch to the right lung. 12, The branch to the left 
lung. 13, The right pulmonic vein. 14, The left pulmonic vein. 15, The left auricle. 
16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 



48 QUESTIONS, DIAGKAMS AND ILLUSTKATIONS. 




5* 
8 




QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



49 



DIVISION III.— THE NUTRITIVE 
APPARATUS. 



SYNTHETIC KEVIEW, 

Sect. 19. Anatomy of. 

20. Histology of. 

21. Chemistry of. 

22. Physiology of. 

23. Hygiene of. 

24. Comparative Splanchnology of. 



25. Anatomy of. 

26. Histology of. 

27. Chemistry of. 

28. Physiology of. 

29. Hygiene of. 

30. The Blood. 

31. Anatomy of. 

32. Histology of. 

33. Chemistry of. 

34. Physiology of. 

35. Hygiene of. 

36. Comparative Angiology of. 

37. Assimilation, General and Spe- 

cial. 

38. Anatomy of. 

39. Histology of. 

40. Chemistry of. 

41. Physiology of. 

42. Hygiene of. 

43. Comparative Pneumonology of. 



Chap. TI. 
~ The Digestive 
Organs. 



Chap. TIT. 
I The Absorb- 



(JiiAP, VIIT. 

The Circula- 



Chap. IX. 
Assimilation. 



Chap. X. 

■ Respiratory 
Organs. 



Division III, 

Nutritive 
Apparatus. 



Give succinctly the Anatomy, the Chemistry, the Physiology 
and the Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the Nutritive 
Apparatus. 

5 C 



50 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



DIVISION IV.— SENSORIAL APPARATUS. 

ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER XI.— Nervous System. 
§ 44. Anatomy of the Nervous System. 

439. What two formal characters does Nervous Tissue present? 

Give the arrangement and names of each. 

440. How are the Ganglia, Nerves and Commissures arranged? 

What is included in each system ? 

441. Describe the Spinal Cord. What is the Medulla Oblongata? 

To what is this enlargement due? What may be seen in 
each of the lateral halves of the Medulla Oblongata? 
What forms the Decussation of the Anterior Pyramids? 
How is the Fourth Ventricle formed? 

442. Where is the Cerebellum? How is the Pons Varolii formed? 

Describe the Inferior Peduncles of the Cerebellum. What 
are the Peduncles of the Cerebrum, and why so called ? 
Give the course of these bundles. How are these ganglia 
connected with the Spinal Cord? Of what does the 
Quadrigeminal Body consist? 

443. What is said of the connections of all the above-mentioned 

ganglia? 

444. How are the hemispheres of the Cerebrum united? How 

are the ventricles formed ? 

445. Are the above-mentioned all the ganglia, membranes and 

galleries which exist in the brain ? 

446. What is the relation of the Cerebrum to the other parts? 

How many lobes has each hemisphere? How does the 
surface appear ? 

447. How do the convolutions in the two hemispheres compare? 

What is a remarkable fact respecting these convolu- 
tions ? 

448. What is said of the Cerebellum? 

449. What do the brain and spinal cord constitute? 

450. Into what classes are the nerves divided ? How are the motor 

and sensory tracts formed? 

451. Distinguish between cranial and spinal nerves. 

452. Give the grouping and arrangement of the cranial nerves. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 51 

453. How many pairs of spinal nerves? How do they differ from 

the cranial as to their origin ? 

454. What are the divisions of the spinal nerves? What are 

plexuses? Name them, and give their formation. 

455. Describe the Sympathetic System. 

456. What is a peculiarity of the sympathetic nerves ? 

§ 45. Histology of the Nervous System. 

457. Name the elements of nervous tissue. 

458. Describe the nerve-cells. Where found? 

459. Of what do the White Fibres consist? 

460. Where are the nerve-filaments distributed ? What is said of 

their individuality? How are they arranged? What their 
mode of termination ? 

461. Where are the Tubular Fibres found? What of their size? 

462. What are the Gray Fibres? 

463. Name the membranes of the Cerebro-spinal System. Describe 

the Dura Mater, Pia Mater and Arachnoid Membrane. 

464. Give a further description of the Dura Mater. 

465. What is the Ependyma ? 

I 46. Physiology of the Nervous System. 

466. What opinions have men in different ages held respecting 

the relation of soul and body ? 

467. How is the Nervous System related to the compound nature 

of man ? 

468. What influence has this system on the different organs? 

469. Speak of the connection between the Nervous Centres and 

the motor and sensitive fibres. 

470. Classify the Nervous Centres. 

471. Give a full description of the relations existing between the 

different Centres. 

472. What is the function of the Sympathetic Centres? 

473. What is said of their connections? 

474. Name and illustrate the different kinds of reflex action. 

475. Give a marked peculiarity of the Sympathetic System. Illus- 

trate it by the iris of the eye. 

476. What is the office of the white substance of the spinal cord? 

What that of the gray ? 

477. How is reflex action acquired? State the theory of acquired 

reflex action as respects repetition. 



52 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

478. Mention the influence of association. Why is such an 

arrangement wise ? 

479. Describe the Sensational Centres. Show that these centres 

have an independent reflex action. Can they acquire re- 
flex action ? 

480. What theory is applicable to these centres ? 

481. How are these centres excited to action? 

482. What power have the Ideational Centres? 

483. Upon what depends the character of ideas ? 

484. What is the first way in which the independent reflex action 

in these centres is manifested ? What the second ? Third ? 
Fourth? 

485. Of what are these centres the seat ? 

486. What relation is there between the centre of idea and voli 

tion? 

487. What is the highest energy of which these centres are 

capable ? 

488. Upon what does the power of the Will depend ? 

489. What relations to the Emotions does the Will sustain? 

490. What does a free action of the Will require? 

491. What influence has the body over the thoughts, emotions and 

volitions ? How does the theory already given find appli- 
cation here ? 

492. Where does the character of a man leave visible tracings? 

| 47. Hygiene of the Nervous System. 

493. Why is a knowledge of the laws of the hygiene of this sys- 

tem important? 

494. What agencies affect the health of this system ? Name the 

requirements of its health and vigor. 

495. What in addition to the features of parents do children in- 

herit? May acquired habits be transmitted? 

496. What history is given by M. Morel? 

497. What is said of the evil effects of tobacco ? 

498. What is the effect of all vices in parents? 

499. What results spring from nervous diseases in parents? How 

can such natural constitutions be improved? 

500. State the second requirement of health and vigor. 

501. Speak of the evil of breathing impure air. 

502. What are the results of improper diet ? 

503. Speak of the effects of alcohol, opium, etc. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 53 

504. How does the use of opium compare with that of intoxicating 

drinks? 

505. What is said of the use of tobacco, tea and coffee ? 

506. What will a want of physical exercise produce? 

507. Speak of the benefits of sleep, and the amount needed. 

508. Name the third requirement of health. 

509. Why is mental exercise essential ? 

510. Give the remarks of Dr. Ray. What is said of steady em- 

ployment? 

511. Where are seen the saddest effects of an absence of stated 

employment? What remarks as to the little accomplish- 
ments of needlework ? 

512. To what should the amount of exercise be adapted? What 

differences are there in the quality of different brains ? 

513. What is the present tendency in education ? 

514. State the effect of intense activity. 

515. Give the influence of recreation and amusement. Observa- 

tion. 

516. What is essential to the highest mental vigor? What is said 

of the use of the imagination? 

517. What attention is it important to pay to the aesthetic faculty ? 

518. What is the moral faculty? Upon what depend the happi- 

ness and destiny of man ? 

519. Give Dr. Kay's remarks concerning the hygienic influence of 

a harmonious development of the mental powers. 

'i 48. Comparative Neurology. 

520. In what respects does the Nervous System of man differ from 

that of the lower orders of animals ? 

521. Compare the brain of other Mammals with that of man. 

522. Compare that of Birds. 

523. Of Eeptiles. 

524. What is said of the relative size of the Cerebrum? Of the 

Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata and some of the organs 
of Special Sense? 

525. Speak of the spinal cord and nerves. 

526. Describe the brain of the Fish. 

527. Describe the Torpedo. 

528. Describe the Electric Eel. What is said of the structure and 

nervous system of the Articulata ? What of them in the 
Centipede ? 



54 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

529. Speak of the nervous system in Mollusks. 

530. Describe the nervous system in Radiata. 

531. How is stimulus received in the lowest forms of animals? 

How is it perceived? As we ascend in the animal king- 
dom, what tissue appears first? What is the simplest 
type? Of what do the relations of the animal kingdom 
afford an evidence ? 



UNIFIC KEVIEW. 

[Compare 439-456 with 520-530 and 471, 472.] 
Compare the Nervous System in man with that in the lower orders of 
animals. 

[Compare 457, 458 with 10, 31, 32 and 36-38.] 
Give the composition of Nervous Tissue. Describe its first element. 

[Compare 459-462 with 33, 34 and 35.] 
Describe the White and Gray Fibres. Where are they found? 

[Compare 463-465 with 21, 22, 36, 37, 38 and 39.] 
What membranes belong to the Cerebro-spinal System ? What names do 
they assume there ? 

[Compare 469-474, 479 and 482 with 441, 442, 446, 455 and 456.] 
Name the Nervous Centres. Give their functions. What do they com- 
prise? 

[Compare 500-502 with 264-279 and 409-412.] 
What is essential to the health of the nervous system ? What is said of 
food and air in this connection ? 

[Compare 506 with 200-215.] 
What can you say of the influence of physical exercise on the health of the 
nervous system? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



00 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Nervous Tissue. Forms, 

" " Arrangement, 

Ganglia, Nerves and Commissures, 

Spinal Cord, 

Medulla Oblongata, 

Cerebellum, Peduncles, 

Cerebrum, " 

Corpora Striata, 

Optici Thalami, 

Corpora Quadrigesima, 

Corpus Callosum, 

Ventricles, 

Cerebrum Hemispheres, 

Convolutions, 

Cerebro-Spinal Nerves, 

Cranial Nerves, 

Spinal Nerves, 

Sympathetic System. 

Nervous Tissue, Composition, 

Nerve-Cells, 

Nerve-Fibres, 

Membranes, 

Man's compound nature. 

Nervous System. Its relation to this nature, 

Its rank, 
Nervous Centres. Function, 
" Classes, 

" " Arrangement, 

Organic Centres. Function, 

" Connection, 

" Modes of reflex action, 

" " Marked peculiarity, 

Reflex Centres. Function, 

" Acquired action, 

Importance of acquired action, 
Sensational Centres. Character and action, 

" How excited to activity, 

Ideational Centres. Function, 
Different persons have different ideas, 
Ideational Centres. Independent reflex action, 
" " Emotional character, 

" " "Volitional, 

Relation of the Emotions to the Will, 
Free action of the Will, 
Influence of the body for good or evil, 
Language of the muscles. 
Agencies affecting the health, 
Natural heritage, 
Impure Air, influence of, 
Improper Diet, 
Poisons, 

Physical Exercise, want of, 
Sleep, 

Mental Exercise, 
Employment, 
Amount of exercise, 
Intense Activity, 
Recreation, 

Each faculty to be educated, 
The Esthetic faculty, 
The Moral " 

Mammals, Nervous System, 
Birds, " 

Reptiles, " 

Fishes. " 

Mollusks, " 

Radiata, " 

Lower forms pf Life, " 

C* 



§44. 

Anatomy of. 



§45. 

Histology of. 



§46. 

Physiology of. 



§^7. 
Hygiene of. 



§48. 
Com pan dire 
Neurology of. 



Chap. XT. 

Nervous 
System. 



56 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Frc. 217. 



Fro. 218. 





Fig. 217. A Back Yiew of the Brain and Spinal Cord. — 1, The cerebrum. 2, The 
cerebellum. 3. The spinal cord. 4, Nerves of the face. 5, The brachial plexus of nerves. 
5, 7, 8, 9, Nerves of the arm. 10, Nerves that pass uuder the ribs. 11, The lumbar plexus 
of nerves. 12, The sacral plexus of nerves. 13, 14, 15, 16, Nerves of the lower limbs. 

Fig. 218 rkpresents the Sympathetic Ganglia, and their Connkction with other 
Nerves, from the grand engraving of Manec, reduced in size. A, A. A. The semilunar 
ganglion and solar plexus, situated below the diaphragm and behind the stomach. This 
ganglion is situated in the region (pit of the stomach) where a blow gives severe suffer- 
ing. D, D, D, The thoracic (chest) ganglia, ten or eleven in number. E, E, The external 
and internal branches of the thoracic ganglia. G, H, The right and left coronary plexus, 
situated upon the heart. I, N, Q. The inferior, middle and superior cervical (neck) ganglia. 
1, The renal plexus of nerves that surrounds the kidneys. 2, The lumbar (loin) ganglion. 
3, Their internal branches. 4, Their external branches. 5, The aortic plexus of nerves 
that lies upon the aorta. The other letters and figures represent nerves that connect 
important organs and nerves with the sympathetic ganglia. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 57 



Fig. 219. 




Fig. 219. Diagram of Human Brain, in Vertical Section, showing the situation of 
the different ganglia and the course of the fibres. 1, Olfactory ganglion. 2, Hemisphere. 
i.> Corpus striatum. 4, Optic thalamus. 5, Tubercula quadrigeniina. 6, Cerebellum. 
7, Ganglion of tuber annulare. 8, Ganglion of medulla oblongata. 



Fig. 221. 



Fig. 220. 





Fig. 222. 




Fig. 220. Brain of a Bird. — 1, Cerebrum. 2, Optic ganglion. 3, Cerebellum. 1, Medulla 
oblongata. 

Fig. 221. Brain of an Alligator. — 1, Olfactory ganglia. 2, Cerebrum. 3, Optic 
ganglia. 4, Cerebellum. 5, Medulla oblongata and spinal cord. 

Fig. 222. Brain uf a Fish. — 1, Olfactory ganglia. 2, Cerebrum. 3, Optic ganglia. 
4, Cerebellum. 5. Medulla oblongata and spinal cord. 



58 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



ANALYTIC EXAMINATION. 

CHAPTER XII.— The Organs of Special Sense. 
I 49. The Anatomy of the Organs of Special Sense. 

532. What is the organ of the sense of Taste? Give a description 

of the Tongue. From what nerves are filaments received? 

533. Describe the organ of the sense of Smell. Mention the 

nerves. 

534. What is the Eye? Name its parts. Of what service is the 

Sclerotica? Describe the Choroidea. What is its com- 
position ? Of what do the ciliary processes consist ? What 
is said of the Iris ? What is the Eetina ? 

535. Describe the Aqueous Humor. Crystalline lens. Observa- 

tion. 

536. What is the Vitreous Humor? Distinguish between it and 

Aqueous Humor. 

537. Speak of the muscles of the Eye. Observation. 

538. What are the Orbits? Eyebrows? Eyelids? Give the Ob- 

servation. Of what does the Lachrymal Apparatus con- 
sist? Where is the Lachrymal Gland situated? Describe 
the Lachrymal Canals. Nasal Duct. 

539. What is said of the sense of Hearing? 

540. Why the Labyrinth so called? Give its divisions. 

541. Describe the Vestibule. 

542. Describe the Semicircular Canals. 

543. Speak of the Cochlea. Of the Fenestra Ovalis. 

544. What is the Tympanum? Why called the Drum? Where 

is the Eustachian Tube ? What are found in the tympanic 
cavity ? 

545. Describe the External Ear. 

546. What is concerned in the Sense of Touch? Give its layers. 

547. What is said of the Skin and its connection with the mucous 

membrane ? 

548. Give the relation of the Epidermis to the Dermis. What 

change does the Epidermis experience? What is the seat 
of color? 

549. What is the Cuticle? 

550. What is said of the Dermis? What are found with the 

fibrous and elastic tissues? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 59 

551. Describe the Papilla?. 

552. Speak of the blood-vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the 

Cutis Vera. 

553. Where are the Hair-Follicles ? Describe the different parts 

of a hair. What results from the contraction of the un- 
striated muscular fibres ? 

554. Describe the Oil-Glands. 

555. Where are the Sweat-Glands? What are " pores" ? What is 

" insensible perspiration " ? 

556. Speak of the Nails. Of what is the horny part composed ? 

How do they grow? 

| 50. Physiology of the Organs of Special Sense. 

557. State the primary use of the sense of Taste. What is said 

of this sense in man ? What is the effect of cultivation ? 

558. Is the sense of Smell one of great importance? Why not? 

559. When light passes through different media, to what changes 

are its rays subject? What effect has convex or concave 
surfaces ? Illustrate and apply the above principles. 

560. Give the shape of those parts of the eye which act as media. 

State the use of so many lenses. 

561. In what case will a more convex and in what a less convex 

lens be required? How is the eye able to change the 
convexity of its lenses and vary its focal distances ? 

562. What is the cause of short-sightedness and long-sightedness ? 

What suggestion in the selection of glasses ? 

563. What is the function of the Sclerotic coat? What that of 

the pigment of the Choroid coat ? How may the functions 
of some parts of the eye be beautifully shown? 

564. Speak of the accessory parts of the eye. What enables the 

eye to move without friction ? How are the eyelids drawn 
together? Give the functions of the Eyelashes and Eye- 
brows. 

565. What is Hearing ? 

566. What is the function of the External Ear? 

567. What that of the Auditory Canal ? State the design of the 

Eustachian Tube. Give the uses of the Vestibule, Cochlea 
and Semicircular Canals. 

568. What are distinguished by this sense ? How does this appa- 

ratus compare with that of vision? 

569. Speak of the special organ of the sense of Touch. 



60 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 

570. State the threefold functions of the skin. 

571. Give the uses of the Epidermis. 

572. How is the Cuticle destroyed and replaced ? 

573. Of what service are the cutaneous Papillse? 

574. Where does vitality reside? Why there? 

575. What power does the surface of the skin possess? 

576. What are the uses of the oil derived from the oil-glands? 

577. State the uses of Perspiration. By what is the quantity in- 

fluenced ? 

578. What is the influence of the condition of the atmosphere ? 

579. Give the functions of the Hair and Nails. 

I 51. Hygiene of the Organs of Special Sense, 

580. What perverts the sense of Taste? By what is this sense 

varied ? 

581. By what does the sense of Smell become impaired? 

582. What care is necessary in using the eye ? 

583. What is the effect of sudden transitions of light? 

584. What should be avoided ? 

585. How should the eye of the child be trained ? 

586. What is beneficial ? Observation. 

587. Can the sense of Hearing be improved ? 

588. How may this sense be impaired? Observation. 

589. What parts are absolutely essential, and what not ? 

590. To what must attention be given? 

591. What is said of the use of clothing? 

592. Of what material should it be ? Compare furs, woolen cloth 

silk, cotton and linen. 

593. Why should the clothing be porous and loosely fitted? 

594. To what must it be suited ? Observation. 

595. Who require the more clothing ? 

596. What is said of clothing when a vital organ is diseased? 

597. What persons need less clothing? 

598. What is said of cleanliness of the clothing? 

599. What of damp clothing? 

600. What is indispensable to health ? 

601. What effect has bathing on the internal organs? 

602. State the simplest mode of bathing. 

603. Speak of the shallow bath. 

604. Upon what must depend the frequency of bathing? 

605. What should the time be? 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



61 



606. In what diseases is bathing of great importance ? 

607. State the rules to be observed. 

608. State the influence of pure air. 

609. What influence does light exercise? 

610. What is a blister? What care should be taken? How is 

vesication prevented ? 

611. What are Corns ? From what comes the pain ? 

612. What is said of Frost-bite? How is Chilblain caused? 



Fro. 223. 




Fig. 223 (Dalton). Diagram of the Tongue, with its sensitive nerves and papilla). 
, Lingual branch of fifth pair. 2, Glossopharyngeal nerve. 




Fig. 224. A Side View of the Passage of the Nostrils, and the Distribution of 
the Olfactory Nerve.— 4, The olfactory nerve. 5, The fine divisions of this nerve on 
6, A branch of the fifth pair of nerves. 



the membrane of the nose. 



62 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Organs of Taste, Smell and Sight, 

Sclerotica, Choroidea, 

Ciliary Processes, 

Iris, Retina, 

Aqueous, Crystalline and Vitreous Humors, 

Muscles of the Eye, 

Orbits, Eyebrows, Eyelids, 

Lachrymal Glands and Canals, 

Nasal Duct, 

Organs of Hearing, 

Labyrinth, Vestibule, 

Semicircular Canals, 

Cochlea, Tympanum, 

External Ear, 

Organs of Touch, 

Two layers of skin — Epidermis and Dermis, 

Hairs, 

Sebaceous and Respiratory Glands, 

Nails. 

Sense of Taste, Primary use, 
" Smell, " 

Laws of Light, 

" Adaptation of the eye, 

Short-sightedness, Cause, 

Long-sightedness, " 

Defect remedied, 

Coats, Function, 

Accessory parts of the eye, 

Hearing, 

External Ear, Function, 

Auditory Caual, " 

Eustachian Tube, " 

Cochlea and Semicircular Canals, Function, 

Hearing, " 

Organ of Touch, 

Skin, Function, 

Epidermis and Cuticle, Function. 

Cutaneous Papillae, 

Cerium, Vessels, 

Oil-Glands, Function, 

Perspiration. Use, 

" Quantity, 

" External condition, 

Hair and Nails. 

Sense of Taste. Perversion, 
" Smell, " 

Eye, how to be used, 

Amaurosis, 

Oblique positions, long-continued, 

Viewing objects at different distances, 

Bathing the eye, 

Dust, removal, 

Defective Hearing, Cause, 

Hearing, parts essential, 

Clothing, Material, 

Class of persons needing more clothing, 

Clothing, Cleanliness, 

Bathing. Modes, 
Time, 
" General Rules. 

Water a curative agent, 

Skin. Air beneficial, 
Effect of light, 

Burns and Scalds, Treatment. 

Corns, Frost-Bite. 



1 



§49. 

Anatomy of. 



§50. 
Physiology of. 



§51. 
Hygiene of 



Chap. XII. 

' The Organs of 
Special Sense. 



State the Anatomy, the Physiology and the Hygiene of the 
Organs of Special Sense, the Care of the Sick, of Poisoned Persons 
and of persons injured in any way. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 63 

Fig. 225. 




Fig. 225. A Section of the Globe of the Eye. — 1. The sclerotic coat. 2, The cornea. 
(This connects with the sclerotic coat by a beveled edge.) 3, The choroid coat. 6, 6, The 
iris. 7, The pupil. 8, The retina. 10, 11, 11, Chambers of the eye that contain the 
aqueous humor. 12, The crystalline lens. 13, The vitreous humor. 15, The optic nerve. 
16, The central artery of the eye. 



Fig. 226. 




Fig. 226. A View of all the Parts of the Ear.— 1, The canal that leads to the inter- 
nal ear. 2, The membrana tympani. 3, 4, 5, The bones of the ear. 7, The central part 
of the labyrinth (vestibule). 8, 9, 10, The semicircular canals. 11, 12, The channels of 
the cochlea. 13, The auditory nerve. 14, The opening from the middle ear, or tympa- 
num, to the throat (Eustachian tube). 



64 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



APPENDIX. 

CHAPTER XIII.— Care of the Sick. 

gl. The Nurse. 

[Compare 591-599.] 
Cleanliness. — What regard should be had for cleanliness? 

[Compare 601-608.] 
Bathing. — Mention what is said respecting bathing. 

[Compare 264-286.] 
Food and Drink. — What is said of the food and drink of the sick ? Name 

the means of nourishment, and tell how they are prepared. 
Temperature. — Speak of the temperature of the sick-room. 
Light. — What suggestions are made as to light? 
Quiet. — How may quiet be had ? Mention other duties of the nurse. 

| 2. The Watcher. 
Give the duties of the Watcher. 

\ 3. Poisons and their Antidotes. 

When poisons have been taken, what is to be done? Name the most com- 
mon poisons, and their antidotes. 

[Compare 363.] 
How can haemorrhage be arrested ? 

[Compare 364.] 
Give the manner of dressing wounds. 

[Compare 430.] 
How may asphyxiated persons be recovered ? 

[Compare 610-612.] 
Speak of Burns, Scalds and Frost-Bite, and their treatment. 



QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



65 



DIVISION IV.— SENSORIAL APPARATUS. 



SYNTHETIC REVIEW 

Sect. 44. Anatomy of. 

45. Histology of. 

46. Physiology of. 

47. Hygiene of. 

48. Comparative Neurology of. 



Chap. XL 

The Nervous 
System. 



49. Anatomy of. ] Chap. xii. 

50. Physiology of. 

51. Hygiene of. 



I The Organs of 
I Special Sense. 

J 



Care of the Sick. 
Poisons and their Antidotes. 
Treatment of Wounds. 
Arrest of Haemorrhage. 
Recovery of Persons apparently 

Drowned. 
Treatment of Burns J 



Chap. XIII. 
Appendix. 



. Division IV. 

( The Nervous 

Apparatus. 



State the Anatomy, the Histology, the Physiology and the 
Hygiene, Human and Comparative, of the Nervous Apparatus, 
and the Care of the Sick, Poisons and their Antidotes, Treatment 
of Wounds, Haemorrhage, Burns, and persons apparently drowned. 



66 QUESTIONS, DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



SUMMAEY.— SYNTHETIC REVIEW. 



Sect. 1. The Three Kingdoms of Nature 
Compared. 
" 2. Definitions. 



Cells. 

Tissues. 

Membranes. 



6. Solids and Fluids. 

7. Anatomy of. 

8. Histology of. 

9. Chemistry of. 

10. Physiology of. 

11. Hygiene of. 

12. Comparative Osteology. 

13. Anatomy of. 

14. Histology of. 

15. Chemistry of. 

16. Physiology of. 

17. Hygiene of. 

18. Comparative Myology. 

19. Anatomy of. 

20. Histology of. 

21. Chemistry of. 

22. Physiology of. 

23. Hygiene of. 
21. Comparative Splanchnology. 

25. Anatomy of. 

26. Histology of. 

27. Chemistry of. 

28. Physiology of. 

29. Hygiene of. 

30. The Blood. 

31. Anatomy of. 

32. Histology of. 

33. Chemistry of. 

34. Physiology of. 

35. Hygiene of. 

36. Comparative Angiology. 

37. Assimilation, General and Specific. j 

38. Anatomy of. 

39. Histology of. 
: 40. Chemistry of. 

41. Physiology of. 
; 42. Hygiene of. 

43. Comparative Pneumonology. 

44. Anatomy of. 

45. Histology of. 
■ 46. Physiology of. 

47. Hygiene of. 

48. Comparative Neurology. 

49. Anatomy of. 

50. Physiology of. 
; 51. Hygiene of. 

Care of the Sick. 

Poisons and Antidotes. 

Treatment of Wounds, Haemor- 
rhage, of apparently Drowned 
Persons and of Burns. 



Chap. I. 
General Remarks. 

Chap. II. 
General Histology. 

Chap. III. 
General Chemistry. 

Chap. IV. 
The Bones. 



Chap. V. 

The Muscles. 



Chap. VI. 

The Digestive 
Organs. 



Chap. VII. 

IV ie Absorbents. 



Chap. VIII. 
The Circulation. 



Chap. IX. 
Assimilation. 



Chap. X. 

The Organs of 
Respiration. 



Chap. XI. 

The Nervous 

System. 

Chap. XII. 

The Organs of 
Special Sense 

Chap. XIII 
Appendix. 



Division I, 

Outline 
Principles. 



Division II. 

Motory 
Apparatus. 



Division III. 

Nutritive 
Apparatus. 



Division IV. 

Nervous 

Apparatus. 



State succinctly the Anatomy, the Histology, the Chemistry, the 
Physiology and the Hygiene of Mammals. 



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